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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Graph (Graphentheorie)</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Ein <b>Graph</b> ist in der <a href="Graphentheorie" title="Graphentheorie">Graphentheorie</a> eine abstrakte Struktur, die eine Menge von Objekten zusammen mit den zwischen diesen Objekten bestehenden Verbindungen repräsentiert. Die mathematischen Abstraktionen der Objekte werden dabei <i><a href="Knoten_(Graphentheorie)" title="Knoten (Graphentheorie)">Knoten</a></i> (auch <i>Ecken</i>) des Graphen genannt. Die paarweisen Verbindungen zwischen Knoten heißen <i><a href="Kante_(Graphentheorie)" title="Kante (Graphentheorie)">Kanten</a></i> (manchmal auch <i>Bögen</i>). Die Kanten können <a href="Kante_(Graphentheorie)#Kantenarten_und_ihre_Notation" title="Kante (Graphentheorie)">gerichtet</a> oder <a href="Kante_(Graphentheorie)#Kantenarten_und_ihre_Notation" title="Kante (Graphentheorie)">ungerichtet</a> sein. Häufig werden Graphen anschaulich gezeichnet, indem die Knoten durch Punkte und die Kanten durch Linien dargestellt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-Diestel2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diestel2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<p>In einem U-Bahn-Netz stellt jeder Knoten eine U-Bahn-Station dar und jede Kante eine direkte Zugverbindung zwischen zwei Stationen. Die <a href="Chemische_Graphentheorie" title="Chemische Graphentheorie">chemische Graphentheorie</a> betrachtet <a href="Molek%C3%BCl" title="Molekül">Moleküle</a> als Graphen, mit Atomen als Knoten und <a href="Molekularverbindung" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekularverbindung">Molekularverbindungen</a> als Kanten. Komplexe räumliche Gebilde wie <a href="Polyeder" title="Polyeder">Polyeder</a> können als Graphen dargestellt werden (<a href="Schlegeldiagramm" title="Schlegeldiagramm">Schlegeldiagramm</a>). Das <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> ist ein riesiger Graph aus <a href="Computer" title="Computer">Computern</a> und <a href="Datenverbindung" class="mw-redirect" title="Datenverbindung">Datenverbindungen</a>.
</p><p><a href="Baum_(Graphentheorie)" title="Baum (Graphentheorie)">Bäume</a> wie etwa <a href="Stammbaum" title="Stammbaum">Stammbäume</a> sind ein Sonderfall der Graphen und enthalten keine <a href="Zyklus_(Graphentheorie)" title="Zyklus (Graphentheorie)">Zyklen</a>.
</p><p>Die mathematische Betrachtung von Graphen begann im 18. Jahrhundert mit dem <a href="K%C3%B6nigsberger_Br%C3%BCckenproblem" title="Königsberger Brückenproblem">Königsberger Brückenproblem</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typen_von_Graphen">Typen von Graphen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ungerichteter_Graph">Ungerichteter Graph</h3></div>
<p>In <i>ungerichteten Graphen</i> werden die Verbindungen zwischen <a href="Knoten_(Graphentheorie)" title="Knoten (Graphentheorie)">Knoten</a> durch <a href="Kante_(Graphentheorie)" title="Kante (Graphentheorie)">Kanten</a> gekennzeichnet. Die Kanten haben keine Richtung. Jede Kante kann in beide Richtungen durchlaufen werden.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerichteter_Graph_(Digraph)"><span id="Gerichteter_Graph_.28Digraph.29"></span>Gerichteter Graph (Digraph)</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Gerichteter_Graph" title="Gerichteter Graph">Gerichteter Graph</a></i></div>
<p>In <i>Digraphen</i> (von englisch <i>directed graph</i>, auch <i>gerichtete Graphen</i> genannt) werden Kanten statt durch Linien durch Pfeile gekennzeichnet, wobei der Pfeil von ihrem Anfangs- zu ihrem Endknoten zeigt. Dies verdeutlicht, dass jede Kante des Graphen nur in eine Richtung durchlaufen werden kann.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein Spezialfall davon sind <i>orientierte Graphen</i>, in denen es keine ungerichteten Kanten gibt, d. h. gibt es eine Kante von Knoten A nach B, dann gibt es nie auch die umgekehrte Kante von B nach A.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baum">Baum</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Baum_(Graphentheorie)" title="Baum (Graphentheorie)">Baum (Graphentheorie)</a></i></div>
<p>Ein <a href="Baum_(Graphentheorie)" title="Baum (Graphentheorie)"><i>Baum</i></a> ist in der <a href="Graphentheorie" title="Graphentheorie">Graphentheorie</a> ein spezieller Typ von Graph, der zusammenhängend ist und keine geschlossenen <a href="Weg_(Graphentheorie)" title="Weg (Graphentheorie)">Pfade</a>, also <a href="Zyklus_(Graphentheorie)" title="Zyklus (Graphentheorie)">Zyklen</a> der Länge größer oder gleich 3, enthält. Bei allen Bäumen ist die Anzahl der Knoten offensichtlich um 1 größer als die Anzahl der Kanten.
</p><p>Bäume haben sehr viele praktische Anwendungen, vor allem in der <a href="Informatik" title="Informatik">Informatik</a>. Viele <a href="Algorithmus" title="Algorithmus">Algorithmen</a> werden mithilfe von Bäumen <a href="Programmierung" title="Programmierung">programmiert</a>. Zum Beispiel können <a href="Netzwerk" title="Netzwerk">Netzwerke</a>, <a href="Verkehrsnetz" title="Verkehrsnetz">Verkehrsnetze</a> oder <a href="Versorgungsnetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Versorgungsnetz">Versorgungsnetze</a> mit einer <a href="Breitensuche" title="Breitensuche">Breitensuche</a> oder einer <a href="Tiefensuche" title="Tiefensuche">Tiefensuche</a> effektiv durchlaufen werden. Im Bereich der <a href="K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz" title="Künstliche Intelligenz">künstlichen Intelligenz</a> und der <a href="Strategiespiel" title="Strategiespiel">Strategiespiele</a> ist die <a href="Alpha-Beta-Suche" title="Alpha-Beta-Suche">Alpha-Beta-Suche</a> wichtig. Sie basiert auf <a href="Suchbaum" title="Suchbaum">Suchbäumen</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multigraph">Multigraph</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Multigraph" title="Multigraph">Multigraph</a></i></div>
<p>In <i>Multigraphen</i> können zwei Knoten durch mehrere Kanten<sup id="cite_ref-MultDirected_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MultDirected-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> verbunden sein, was in <a href="Einfacher_Graph" title="Einfacher Graph">einfachen Graphen</a> nicht erlaubt ist. Außerdem dürfen Multigraphen Schleifen enthalten: Kanten, die zum selben Knoten führen, von dem sie ausgehen.<sup id="cite_ref-Diestel2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diestel2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planarer_Graph">Planarer Graph</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Planarer_Graph" title="Planarer Graph">Planarer Graph</a></i></div>
<p>Ein <i><a href="Planarer_Graph" title="Planarer Graph">planarer Graph</a></i> ist ein Graph, der auf einer Ebene, mit Punkten für die <a href="Knoten_(Graphentheorie)" title="Knoten (Graphentheorie)">Knoten</a> und Linien für die <a href="Kante_(Graphentheorie)" title="Kante (Graphentheorie)">Kanten</a>, dargestellt werden kann, sodass sich keine Kanten schneiden. Jeder planare Graph hat einen <a href="Dualit%C3%A4t_(Mathematik)#Geometrisch_dualer_Graph" title="Dualität (Mathematik)">dualen Graphen</a>. Das ist ein Graph, wo jeder Fläche des Graphen ein <a href="Knoten_(Graphentheorie)" title="Knoten (Graphentheorie)">Knoten</a> zugeordnet ist, der innerhalb dieser Fläche liegt, und umgekehrt. Die Dualität von planaren Graphen ist immer gegenseitig, das heißt, der duale Graph des dualen Graphen jedes planaren Graphen ist der ursprüngliche planare Graph.
</p><p>Für planare Graphen gilt der <a href="Eulerscher_Polyedersatz" title="Eulerscher Polyedersatz">Eulersche Polyedersatz</a>, der oft mit der <a href="Gleichung" title="Gleichung">Gleichung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E-K+F=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E-K+F=2}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb03178214f455b9edc0b70742cc278ba7620410.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:15.524ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E-K+F=2}" loading="lazy"></span> dargestellt wird.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypergraph">Hypergraph</h3></div>
<p>Bei <i>Hypergraphen</i> verbindet eine Kante (auch <i>Hyperkante</i> genannt) nicht nur zwei, sondern mehrere Knoten gleichzeitig. Hypergraphen können beispielsweise durch mehrere <a href="Planarer_Graph" title="Planarer Graph">planare Graphen</a> mit <a href="Index_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Index (Mathematik)">Indizierung</a> der Kanten dargestellt werden. Hypergraphen mit wenigen Kanten (sogenannte <i>dünne Graphen</i>) zeichnet man so, dass man eine Menge von Punkten zeichnet, die den Knoten entsprechen, und die zu einer Hyperkante gehörigen Punkte werden dann durch eine geschlossene Linie umkreist, die somit die <a href="Teilmenge" title="Teilmenge">Teilmenge</a> der zu ihr gehörenden Knoten innerhalb aller Knoten angibt. Bei Hypergraphen mit vielen Kanten wird diese Darstellung aber schnell unübersichtlich. Weniger intuitiv, aber übersichtlicher ist es dann, einen Hypergraphen als <a href="Bipartit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartit">bipartiten</a> Meta-Graphen darzustellen, wobei die eine der beiden Bipartitionsmengen den Knoten des Hypergraphen, die andere Bipartitionsmenge den Hyperkanten des Hypergraphen entspricht. Die Kanten zwischen diesen beiden Bipartitionsmengen symbolisieren dann die Zugehörigkeit der Knoten zu den Hyperkanten.
</p><p>Das Physik-Projekt von <a href="Stephen_Wolfram" title="Stephen Wolfram">Stephen Wolfram</a> (siehe auch: <a href="Wolfram_Research" title="Wolfram Research">Wolfram Research</a> und <a href="Mathematica" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a>) zur Erklärung der Grundlagen der Physik basiert unter anderem auf dem Raum der Regeln über Hypergraphen: „Und zumindest in einer gewissen Annäherung können wir dann sagen, dass Energie mit der Aktivität im Hypergraphen, die Information durch die Zeit fortpflanzt, assoziiert ist, während Impuls mit Aktivität assoziiert ist, die Information im Raum fortpflanzt.“<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitionen">Definitionen</h2></div>
<p>Ein Graph <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
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<mi>G</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> ist ein <a href="Geordnetes_Paar" title="Geordnetes Paar">geordnetes Paar</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (V,E)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (V,E)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a01724c7d662052bd5f1c34cb725c8001634069a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.406ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (V,E)}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
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<mi>V</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Mengenlehre" title="Mengenlehre">Menge</a> von <i>Knoten</i> (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a></span> <span lang="en-Latn" style="font-style:italic">vertex/vertices</span>, oft auch <i>Ecken</i> genannt) und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Menge von <i>Kanten</i> (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a></span> <span lang="en-Latn" style="font-style:italic">edge/edges</span>, manchmal auch <i>Bögen</i> genannt) bezeichnet. Dabei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> in
</p>
<ul><li><i>ungerichteten Graphen ohne Mehrfachkanten</i> eine <a href="Teilmenge" title="Teilmenge">Teilmenge</a> aller 2-elementigen Teilmengen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>V</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span><sup id="cite_ref-Diestel2010_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diestel2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,</li>
<li><i><a href="Gerichteter_Graph" title="Gerichteter Graph">gerichteten Graphen</a> ohne Mehrfachkanten</i> eine Teilmenge des <a href="Kartesisches_Produkt" title="Kartesisches Produkt">kartesischen Produkts</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V\times V}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>V</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V\times V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55115711e4cc81797cf763ed90fc991a306523e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.415ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V\times V}" loading="lazy"></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>ungerichteten Graphen mit zusammengefassten Mehrfachkanten</i> eine <a href="Multimenge" title="Multimenge">Multimenge</a> über der Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}" loading="lazy"></span> aller 2-elementigen Teilmengen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>, also eine <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E\colon W\to \mathbb {N} _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E\colon W\to \mathbb {N} _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e9a4666fa2168478f78313f89b6ff439b7d6076.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.591ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E\colon W\to \mathbb {N} _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><i>gerichteten Graphen mit zusammengefassten Mehrfachkanten</i> eine Multimenge über dem kartesischen Produkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V\times V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V\times V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55115711e4cc81797cf763ed90fc991a306523e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.415ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V\times V}" loading="lazy"></span>, also eine Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E\colon V\times V\to \mathbb {N} _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E\colon V\times V\to \mathbb {N} _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0c79b68d4a4973591b84c9774a6b749417ed5b06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.571ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E\colon V\times V\to \mathbb {N} _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><i>gerichteten Graphen mit eigenständigen Mehrfachkanten</i> eine beliebige Menge, deren Elemente mit Hilfe von zwei Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {src} ,\mathrm {tgt} \colon E\to V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {src} ,\mathrm {tgt} \colon E\to V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8cab9dc70c42922864e60ca436d95d09a6ce2af2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {src} ,\mathrm {tgt} \colon E\to V}" loading="lazy"></span>, die den Elementen einen Quell- bzw. Zielknoten zuordnen, als Kanten angesehen werden (so ein Graph ist dasselbe wie ein <a href="Funktor_(Mathematik)" title="Funktor (Mathematik)">Funktor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G\colon {\mathcal {G}}\to \mathbf {Set} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">G</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G\colon {\mathcal {G}}\to \mathbf {Set} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b72635d9c7a7c0c62dfdcb3fdd466a98bbf1bb8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.617ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G\colon {\mathcal {G}}\to \mathbf {Set} }" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">G</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a980c59d42c003fd07fdf3646e1fb95ff82f99.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.392ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die recht überschaubare Kategorie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}=\{V{\stackrel {\mathrm {src} }{\longleftarrow }}E{\stackrel {\mathrm {tgt} }{\longrightarrow }}V\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">G</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mo stretchy="false">⟵<!-- ⟵ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mo stretchy="false">⟶<!-- ⟶ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}=\{V{\stackrel {\mathrm {src} }{\longleftarrow }}E{\stackrel {\mathrm {tgt} }{\longrightarrow }}V\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a8e9a1d3a8cf55ab793a39950eb897f301ce8ddd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.71ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}=\{V{\stackrel {\mathrm {src} }{\longleftarrow }}E{\stackrel {\mathrm {tgt} }{\longrightarrow }}V\}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit zwei Objekten und zwei ausgezeichneten Pfeilen ist)</li>
<li><i>Hypergraphen</i> eine Teilmenge der <a href="Potenzmenge" title="Potenzmenge">Potenzmenge</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Diestel2010_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diestel2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Den Zusatz „ohne Mehrfachkanten“ lässt man gewöhnlich weg und nennt Graphen mit Mehrfachkanten <i>Multigraphen</i>. Ferner verzichtet man meist auf das Attribut „ungerichtet“ und kennzeichnet nur gerichtete Graphen explizit. Ungerichtete Graphen ohne Mehrfachkanten nennt man auch häufig <i>schlicht</i> oder <i>einfach</i>. Eine andere Bezeichnung für gerichtete Graphen ist <i>Digraph</i> (Directed Graph).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abgeleitete_Bezeichnungen">Abgeleitete Bezeichnungen</h3></div>
<p>Statt die Knoten- und Kantenmenge eines Graphen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> mit den Symbolen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> zu identifizieren, kann man auch allgemeine <a href="Abbildung_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbildung (Mathematik)">Abbildungen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> definieren, die einen Graphen auf dessen Knotenmenge oder Kantenmenge abbilden. Für zwei Graphen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}=(V_{1},E_{1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}=(V_{1},E_{1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ce54faeead4cd211047907a335458e7dc8306daf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.002ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}=(V_{1},E_{1})}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{2}=(V_{2},E_{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{2}=(V_{2},E_{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e832bb526bf16909e2e39f7332a036103557d1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.002ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{2}=(V_{2},E_{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnen also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(G_{1}):=V_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(G_{1}):=V_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd0d9df0783c70c2f2245cf47ef85bb06e1bb689.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.632ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(G_{1}):=V_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(G_{1}):=E_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(G_{1}):=E_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f32081c9918d5f8bf16081a4538d4468cf690fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.981ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(G_{1}):=E_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> sowie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(G_{2})=V_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(G_{2})=V_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1634afd6e391494a41306862bd08f222ba1a5d7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.985ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(G_{2})=V_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(G_{2})=E_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(G_{2})=E_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81850f7ac8b2caf1ef0cf67ecce75bd4e72f9454.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.334ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(G_{2})=E_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Mehrdeutigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(G)=V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(G)=V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6b0d6218fff612255009cc8cbb63bd48bb450ab9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.309ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(G)=V}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(G)=E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(G)=E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a3bc9232cf173f0ceb1e54766c5e482dd7cf132.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.286ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(G)=E}" loading="lazy"></span> wird bei dieser Notation in Kauf genommen, obwohl die Abbildungen etwas anderes darstellen als die mit ihr verbundene Knoten- und Kantenmenge. Als Konvention bietet sich an, mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> ohne <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Argument</a> Knoten- bzw. Kantenmenge zu bezeichnen, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Argument bezeichnen dagegen die definierten Abbildungen.
</p><p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Graph, so sagt man allgemein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <i>Knoten</i> bzw. <i>Ecke</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(G)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(G)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ba39dee5fd7f4467e387af4026315fb1fb21628.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.423ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(G)}" loading="lazy"></span> gehört. Außerdem bezeichnet man Kanten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e\in E(G)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e\in E(G)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dcbe07e4cf5a71281984b081acaff2f4749f0856.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.336ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e\in E(G)}" loading="lazy"></span> als
</p>
<ul><li><i>ungerichtete Kante</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> ein ungerichteter Graph ist.</li>
<li><i>gerichtete Kante</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> ein gerichteter Graph ist.</li>
<li><i>Hyperkante</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Hypergraph ist.</li></ul>
<p>In einer ungerichteten Kante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e=\lbrace v,w\rbrace }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e=\lbrace v,w\rbrace }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b25f9aa2090e14dbda4a88e0fd5fcf0d01e56d63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.333ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e=\lbrace v,w\rbrace }" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span> als <i>Endknoten</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span>. In einer gerichteten Kante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e=(v,w)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e=(v,w)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c44f467603bbe85d35f31ae56985ec911a67f3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.817ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e=(v,w)}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> als <i>Startknoten</i> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span> als <i>Endknoten</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Bei Multigraphen bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(G)(e)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(G)(e)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75472404fa960565f9ead94f201714dd9262d211.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.304ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(G)(e)}" loading="lazy"></span> die <i>Vielfachheit</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span>. Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(G)(e)>1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(G)(e)>1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23469fb33277d097f3990bd7a2879810fee36963.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.565ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(G)(e)>1}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt, so spricht man von einer <i>Multi-</i> oder <i>Mehrfachkante</i>.
</p><p>Hat eine Kante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span> in gerichteten Graphen die Form <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (v,v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (v,v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2f7d731b2097f85e727cafd518a6819d8a115bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.098ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (v,v)}" loading="lazy"></span>, so spricht man von einer <i>Schleife</i>. Ist die Schleife <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span> in einem Multigraphen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> zugleich eine Mehrfachkante, so spricht man von einer <i>Mehrfachschleife</i>. Gerichtete Graphen ohne Schleifen nennt man <i>schleifenlos</i> oder <i>schleifenfrei</i>.
</p><p>Als <i>Knotenzahl</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n(G)=\vert V(G)\vert }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n(G)=\vert V(G)\vert }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9332167dcecdf475dbc5da408151e7dd7abc9928.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.846ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n(G)=\vert V(G)\vert }" loading="lazy"></span> eines Graphen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet man die Anzahl seiner Knoten, als <i>Kantenzahl</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m(G)=\vert E(G)\vert }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m(G)=\vert E(G)\vert }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fe76a87cfff60e52f9b55dc177d0a85fc028b84.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.48ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m(G)=\vert E(G)\vert }" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet man die Anzahl seiner Kanten (in Multigraphen summiert man über die Vielfachheit der Kanten).
</p><p>Zwei Knoten heißen <i>benachbart</i>, wenn eine Kante sie verbindet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spezialfälle"><span id="Spezialf.C3.A4lle"></span>Spezialfälle</h3></div>
<p>Verbindet in einem gerichteten Graphen die Kante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e81caf3d4bcb929315801cbabc83543829484ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.138ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> zwei Knoten, und die Kante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4045b5c7cee9bd0681153bbb077489b13269355e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.138ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> dieselben Knoten in umgekehrter Richtung, kann man beide zusammen auch als eine <i>ungerichtete Kante</i> innerhalb des gerichteten Graphen betrachten. Im Falle von Mehrfachkanten müssen die Vielfachheiten beider Kanten übereinstimmen.
</p><p>Gibt es zu jeder Kante eines gerichteten Graphen eine solche entgegengesetzte Kante im Graphen, so ist er ein <i>symmetrischer Graph</i>.
</p><p>Einen Graphen, dessen Knotenmenge endlich ist, nennt man einen <i>endlichen Graphen</i>. Im Gegensatz dazu nennt man einen Graphen, dessen Knotenmenge unendlich ist, <i><a href="Unendlicher_Graph" title="Unendlicher Graph">unendlichen Graphen</a></i>. Meist betrachtet man nur endliche Graphen und lässt daher das Attribut „endlich“ weg, während man <i>unendliche Graphen</i> explizit kennzeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teilgraphen,_Wege_und_Zyklen"><span id="Teilgraphen.2C_Wege_und_Zyklen"></span>Teilgraphen, Wege und Zyklen <span id="Zyklisch/azyklisch"></span> <span id="Gerichteter_azyklischer_Graph"></span></h4></div>
<p>Ein <a href="Teilgraph" title="Teilgraph">Teilgraph</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76634fad5818a777669a77cd8c86d1d816e4c402.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.511ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G'}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Graphen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> enthält nur Knoten und Kanten, die auch in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> enthalten sind. Ein von einer Knotenmenge <i>U</i> <a href="Induzierter_Teilgraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Induzierter Teilgraph">induzierter Teilgraph</a> enthält die Knoten aus <i>U</i> und alle Kanten aus <i>G</i> zwischen diesen Knoten.
</p><p>Eine Folge von paarweise verschiedenen Knoten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fb40a91abab8b7bfb0e84b074732b2f044fd56ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.706ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, in der aufeinander folgende Knoten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7dffe5726650f6daac54829972a94f38eb8ec127.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.927ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{i+1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{i+1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fda426c85b6383ebcbde4676a5237b2f646d66c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.028ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{i+1}}" loading="lazy"></span> im Graphen durch eine Kante verbunden sind, bezeichnet man als <a href="Weg_(Graphentheorie)" title="Weg (Graphentheorie)">Weg</a>, manchmal auch als <i>Pfad</i>. Gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{1}=v_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{1}=v_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/12fe46f9198ed54584c9d0d8ff6c1cefb8a2a621.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.626ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{1}=v_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, und ist dies der einzige doppelte Knoten, spricht man von einem <a href="Zyklus_(Graphentheorie)" title="Zyklus (Graphentheorie)">Zyklus</a> oder <i>Kreis</i>. Eine Sequenz von benachbarten Knoten, in der sich Knoten wiederholen dürfen, bezeichnet man als <a href="Weg_(Graphentheorie)" title="Weg (Graphentheorie)">Kantenfolge</a>. Die Begriffe Weg, Pfad, Kantenfolge, Kreis und Zyklus werden in der Literatur zum Teil unterschiedlich definiert.
</p><p>Enthält ein gerichteter Graph keinen Zyklus, nennt man ihn <i>azyklisch</i> oder <i>zyklenfrei</i> – also einen <i>gerichteten azyklischen Graphen</i> (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a></span> <span lang="en-Latn" style="font-style:italic">DAG, directed acyclic graph</span>). Ein solcher Graph lässt sich durch die Ergänzung aller Kanten, die gleichen Ausgangs- und Endknoten wie <a href="Weg_(Graphentheorie)" title="Weg (Graphentheorie)">Wege</a> haben, also die Umwege über andere Kanten zu einem Zielknoten abkürzen, zu einer (endlichen und diskreten) <a href="Halbordnung" class="mw-redirect" title="Halbordnung">Halbordnung</a> erweitern. Diesen Vorgang nennt man die Bildung der <a href="Transitive_H%C3%BClle_(Relation)" title="Transitive Hülle (Relation)">transitiven Hülle</a>. Ein <a href="Hasse-Diagramm" title="Hasse-Diagramm">Hasse-Diagramm</a> ist ein gerichteter azyklischer Graph, bei dem die durch das <a href="Transitive_Relation" title="Transitive Relation">Transitivitätsgesetz</a> implizierten Kanten weggelassen sind (<a href="Transitive_H%C3%BClle_(Relation)#Transitive_Reduktion" title="Transitive Hülle (Relation)">transitive Reduktion</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grundlegende_Operationen">Grundlegende Operationen</h2></div>
<p>Bei der Untersuchung von Grapheneigenschaften kommt es häufiger vor, dass man auf Graphen einfache Operationen anwenden muss, um möglichst kompakt und damit leichter verständlich schreiben zu können. Besonders häufig werden die üblichen Operationen der Mengenlehre (Vereinigung, Durchschnitt, Differenz und Komplement) auf Knoten- bzw. Kantenmengen von Graphen angewendet, sodass diese direkt auf Graphen definiert werden.
</p><p>Sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}=(V_{1},E_{1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}=(V_{1},E_{1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ce54faeead4cd211047907a335458e7dc8306daf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.002ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}=(V_{1},E_{1})}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{2}=(V_{2},E_{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{2}=(V_{2},E_{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e832bb526bf16909e2e39f7332a036103557d1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.002ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{2}=(V_{2},E_{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> Graphen desselben <a href="Typen_von_Graphen_in_der_Graphentheorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Typen von Graphen in der Graphentheorie">Typs</a>, so bezeichnet
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}+G_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}+G_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/12b0ac4ef31b9391c6d0807d3a844dd10ec5e5e9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.602ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}+G_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> den Graphen, der entsteht, wenn man die Knoten- und Kantenmenge vereinigt,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}-E_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}-E_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2bc1582167a4e37a9a7998482935517987b0d61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.491ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}-E_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> den Graphen, der entsteht, wenn man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e6ee346e54f38302f47b5cf3016d8718f2040c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> von der Kantenmenge von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e6ea4f4668b8334c8a7d3d284b0fd22131ef5f52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> abzieht und</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}-V_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}-V_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffec51e171b31920dd72be30050e36807b6fbb19.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.131ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}-V_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> den Graphen, der entsteht, wenn man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ceaa689a894f5020a7b46177d201cbce2d41122b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.409ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> von der Knotenmenge von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e6ea4f4668b8334c8a7d3d284b0fd22131ef5f52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> abzieht und alle Kanten entfernt, die Knoten aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ceaa689a894f5020a7b46177d201cbce2d41122b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.409ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> enthalten.</li></ul>
<p>Man beachte dabei die unterschiedliche Definition der Begriffe Vereinigungsmenge und <a href="Differenzmenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Differenzmenge">Differenzmenge</a> für <a href="Menge_(Mathematik)" title="Menge (Mathematik)">Mengen</a> und <a href="Multimenge" title="Multimenge">Multimengen</a>. Man schreibt auch abkürzend
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}+E_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}+E_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64e16baedc843707e6d4d3639467eec5879bd074.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.491ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}+E_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ceaa689a894f5020a7b46177d201cbce2d41122b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.409ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> Teilmenge von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/adfdbc929f16cb00bb43289c223651b41f7b9f80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.409ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}+V_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}+V_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99dbbee60aa73c05c80a0d8c6200807d572222cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.131ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}+V_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e6ee346e54f38302f47b5cf3016d8718f2040c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> leer oder Teilmenge von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ac42446bcd2cbb76ec8fe2895635d328da22e26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}+\{v,w\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}+\{v,w\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4105f1a3c38ab5c06cab505ea862f99bb10e70b3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.872ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}+\{v,w\}}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{2}=(\{v,w\},\{\{v,w\}\})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{2}=(\{v,w\},\{\{v,w\}\})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af064a2a47b7c39e66d03a5832ce0e29f77c55f6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.449ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{2}=(\{v,w\},\{\{v,w\}\})}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}+v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}+v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/35fdcbec03f45b29078ac29000cb4a2d4ad2b548.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.849ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}+v}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{2}=(\{v\},\{\})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{2}=(\{v\},\{\})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/450acbbb419f4b76d55cfef11d36094458174df7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.6ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{2}=(\{v\},\{\})}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}-\{v,w\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}-\{v,w\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51ce91b11ca83e1faab536990ae606d4097f1472.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.872ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}-\{v,w\}}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{2}=\{\{v,w\}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{2}=\{\{v,w\}\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b8698a0f05fc73f2692515ac52c4b578a1f3dc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.343ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{2}=\{\{v,w\}\}}" loading="lazy"></span> und</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}-v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}-v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05da860544ff979edadd2897a18f0d3875f110ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.849ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}-v}" loading="lazy"></span> falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{2}=\{v\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{2}=\{v\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b704268805ab876ccc5f74b4eda52f2e6c30fbe7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.96ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{2}=\{v\}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p><a href="Kantenkontraktion" title="Kantenkontraktion">Kantenkontraktion</a> und die Bildung des <a href="Komplementgraph" title="Komplementgraph">Komplementgraphen</a> sind weitere Basisoperationen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bemerkungen">Bemerkungen</h2></div>
<p>Ungerichtete Graphen ohne Mehrfachkanten sind Spezialfälle von Hypergraphen.
Multigraphen, in denen keine Mehrfachkanten vorkommen, sind zwar nicht formal, aber anschaulich äquivalent zu Graphen ohne Mehrfachkanten, weshalb man auch diese als Graphen ohne Mehrfachkanten bezeichnet. Es gibt eine bijektive Zuordnung zwischen den beiden Varianten.
In diesem Sinne sind Graphen ohne Mehrfachkanten also Spezialfälle von Graphen mit Mehrfachkanten. Ähnlich verhält es sich mit ungerichteten Graphen, die in gewissem Sinn Spezialfälle von gerichteten Graphen sind. Ist ein gerichteter Graph symmetrisch und schleifenlos, so bezeichnet man diesen auch als <i>ungerichtet</i>, da es auch hier eine einfache eineindeutige Zuordnung zwischen beiden Varianten gibt (siehe auch <a href="Adjazenzmatrix" title="Adjazenzmatrix">Adjazenzmatrix</a>).
</p><p>Es lassen sich natürlich auch ungerichtete Graphen mit Schleifen definieren, wobei man diese wohl am einfachsten wie eben als (formale) Spezialfälle von gerichteten Graphen definiert und die Bedingung der Schleifenlosigkeit weg lässt. Solche Graphen sind aber nur selten Gegenstand der Betrachtungen in der Graphentheorie.
</p><p>Der wohl allgemeinste Typ von Graphen sind gerichtete <a href="Hypergraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypergraph">Hypergraphen</a> mit Mehrfachkanten. Jeder oben definierte Graphentyp kann dann als Spezialfall von diesem betrachtet werden. Solche Graphen sind aber so gut wie gar nicht Gegenstand der Betrachtungen in der Graphentheorie, weshalb sie hier auch nicht näher erläutert werden.
</p><p>Sollen Graphen als Darstellung eines Sachverhaltes herhalten, werden Algorithmen benötigt, die für das <a href="Graphzeichnen" title="Graphzeichnen">Graphzeichnen</a> benötigt werden. Diese Disziplin der Informatik hat sich in den letzten Jahren stets fortentwickelt und liefert Lösungen für unterschiedliche Visualisierungen, die auf Graphen beruhen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erweiterungen">Erweiterungen</h2></div>
<p>Graphen können mit weiteren Eigenschaften bzw. Informationen ergänzt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gefärbte_Graphen"><span id="Gef.C3.A4rbte_Graphen"></span>Gefärbte Graphen</h3></div>
<p>Eine Erweiterung von Graphen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=(V,E)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=(V,E)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/644a8d85ee410b6159ca2bdb5dcb9097e2c8f182.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.331ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=(V,E)}" loading="lazy"></span> zu <a href="Knotengef%C3%A4rbter_Graph" title="Knotengefärbter Graph">knotengefärbten Graphen</a> erhält man, indem das Tupel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (V,E)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (V,E)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a01724c7d662052bd5f1c34cb725c8001634069a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.406ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (V,E)}" loading="lazy"></span> zu einem Tripel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (V,E,f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (V,E,f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ea716aafe02b37d31f72d789aeb6bb406c66723.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.719ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (V,E,f)}" loading="lazy"></span> ergänzt wird. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine Abbildung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> in die Menge der <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Zahl" title="Natürliche Zahl">natürlichen Zahlen</a>. Anschaulich gibt man jedem Knoten damit eine Farbe.
</p><p>Statt der Knoten kann man in Graphen ohne Mehrfachkanten und in Hypergraphen auch die Kanten färben und spricht dann von einem <i><a href="Kantengef%C3%A4rbter_Graph" title="Kantengefärbter Graph">kantengefärbten Graphen</a></i>. Dazu erweitert man ebenfalls das Tupel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (V,E)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (V,E)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a01724c7d662052bd5f1c34cb725c8001634069a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.406ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (V,E)}" loading="lazy"></span> zu einem Tripel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (V,E,f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (V,E,f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ea716aafe02b37d31f72d789aeb6bb406c66723.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.719ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (V,E,f)}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> aber eine Abbildung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> (statt von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>) in die Menge der <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Zahl" title="Natürliche Zahl">natürlichen Zahlen</a> ist. Anschaulich gibt man jeder Kante damit eine Farbe. In Graphen mit Mehrfachkanten ist dies zwar prinzipiell auch möglich, aber schwieriger zu definieren, insbesondere, wenn Mehrfachkanten entsprechend ihrer Vielfachheit mehrere verschiedene Farben zugeordnet werden sollen.
</p><p>Man beachte, dass die Begriffe „Färbung“ und „färben“ in der Graphentheorie auch eine speziellere Bedeutung besitzen. Exakt spricht man dann zwar von <a href="F%C3%A4rbung_(Graphentheorie)" title="Färbung (Graphentheorie)">gültiger Färbung</a>, lässt das Attribut „gültig“ aber meist weg.
</p><p>Analog gibt es auch <i>benannte Graphen</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (V,E,f,g)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (V,E,f,g)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff69090df7611feee7e4da0689d1886db400fc68.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.869ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (V,E,f,g)}" loading="lazy"></span>, bei denen Knoten und/oder Kanten einen Namen tragen, und die Abbildungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> den Knoten bzw. Kanten einen Namen zuordnen. Die zuvor abgebildeten Beispiele sind benannte Graphen, bei denen die Knoten mit Buchstaben benannt wurden. Dies wird oft bei Visualisierungen gemacht, so dass man besser über den Graphen diskutieren kann.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gewichtete_Graphen">Gewichtete Graphen</h3></div>
<p>Statt von knoten- bzw. kantengefärbten Graphen spricht man von <a href="Knotengewichteter_Graph" title="Knotengewichteter Graph">knoten-</a> bzw. <a href="Kantengewichteter_Graph" title="Kantengewichteter Graph">kantengewichteten</a> Graphen, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> statt in die natürlichen Zahlen in die <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reellen Zahlen</a> abbildet. Knoten- bzw. kantengefärbte Graphen sind also Spezialfälle von knoten- bzw. kantengewichteten Graphen.
</p><p>Man bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92b2b785b7b6d9a22484d466da88d6328ed0b197.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.215ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(v)}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(e)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(e)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ff5e01076011aae0013a78dcee0fabbacc06a8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.171ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(e)}" loading="lazy"></span> auch als <i>Gewicht</i> des Knotens <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. der Kante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span>. Zur Unterscheidung spricht man auch von <i>Knotengewicht</i> bzw. <i>Kantengewicht</i>. Eine solche Gewichtung wird erforderlich, wenn die Information über Knotenbeziehungen nicht ausreicht. Fasst man beispielsweise das Straßennetz (vereinfacht) als Graph auf (Orte sind Knoten, die Orte verbindende Straßen sind Kanten), so könnte eine Gewichtung der Kanten Aufschluss über die Distanz zwischen zwei Orten geben. Die Kantengewichte eines Graphen können in einer quadratischen Gewichtsmatrix, der <a href="Adjazenzmatrix" title="Adjazenzmatrix">Adjazenzmatrix</a>, gesammelt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbildungen_zwischen_Graphen">Abbildungen zwischen Graphen</h3></div>
<p><span id="Homomorphismus"></span>
Schließlich lassen sich auch Abbildungen zwischen Graphen definieren. Interessant sind insbesondere solche, die mit der Struktur der beiden <a href="Vertr%C3%A4glichkeit_(Mathematik)" title="Verträglichkeit (Mathematik)">verträglich</a> sind, so genannte <a href="Homomorphismus" title="Homomorphismus">„Homomorphismen“</a>.
</p><p>Seien dazu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}=\left(V_{1},E_{1}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}=\left(V_{1},E_{1}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/62966e855289c331a2702d576eb0e58b3ce02cec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.002ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}=\left(V_{1},E_{1}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{2}=\left(V_{2},E_{2}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{2}=\left(V_{2},E_{2}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c737ecc4a49e690b59ce882f0dde856e580d3666.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.002ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{2}=\left(V_{2},E_{2}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> Graphen desselben Typs. Eine <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Abbildung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\colon V_{1}\to V_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p\colon V_{1}\to V_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7b6853cbb7ebfbc0661014c344cb740d931639e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:10.726ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\colon V_{1}\to V_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt <i>Homomorphismus</i> zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e6ea4f4668b8334c8a7d3d284b0fd22131ef5f52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/645011b0c6933a02f5f7d84624f78220d747427e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls gilt:
</p>
<ul><li>In <a href="Ungerichteter_Graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungerichteter Graph">ungerichteten</a> <a href="Graph_ohne_Mehrfachkanten" class="mw-redirect" title="Graph ohne Mehrfachkanten">Graphen ohne Mehrfachkanten</a>:<br> Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{v,w\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{v,w\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28e854ab4af953d89a5fb8b23691f8da3f8c0f1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.151ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{v,w\}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Kante von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e6ea4f4668b8334c8a7d3d284b0fd22131ef5f52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{p(v),p(w)\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{p(v),p(w)\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba8b266a95c57b43576ae2ca16a30bf7abcd4919.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.108ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{p(v),p(w)\}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Kante von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/645011b0c6933a02f5f7d84624f78220d747427e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>In <a href="Gerichteter_Graph" title="Gerichteter Graph">gerichteten</a> Graphen ohne Mehrfachkanten:<br> Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (v,w)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (v,w)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe1ba70e3b2d314bc63be62afe1e5c3a80b95834.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.635ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (v,w)}" loading="lazy"></span> Kante von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e6ea4f4668b8334c8a7d3d284b0fd22131ef5f52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (p(v),p(w))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (p(v),p(w))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb044fd0fbf429eeaaf61964782c358d1f31423c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.592ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (p(v),p(w))}" loading="lazy"></span> Kante von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/645011b0c6933a02f5f7d84624f78220d747427e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>In ungerichteten <a href="Graph_mit_Mehrfachkanten" class="mw-redirect" title="Graph mit Mehrfachkanten">Graphen mit Mehrfachkanten</a>:<br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{1}(\{v,w\})\leq E_{2}(\{p(v),p(w)\})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{1}(\{v,w\})\leq E_{2}(\{p(v),p(w)\})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d800f7c202306f6d5d1b0b89d19ca2550290eae2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.515ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{1}(\{v,w\})\leq E_{2}(\{p(v),p(w)\})}" loading="lazy"></span>, d. h. je zwei Ecken sind mit höchstens so vielen Kanten verbunden wie ihre Bildecken.</li>
<li>In gerichteten Graphen mit Mehrfachkanten:<br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{1}(v,w)\leq E_{2}(p(v),p(w))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{1}(v,w)\leq E_{2}(p(v),p(w))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac5a3df58084b089d18e65a7a7ab3cf91d525b5b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.865ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{1}(v,w)\leq E_{2}(p(v),p(w))}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>In gerichteten Graphen mit eigenständigen Mehrfachkanten:<br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> hat einen dazugehörenden Partner <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q\colon E_{1}\to E_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q\colon E_{1}\to E_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5f165ca405b65f3a41583a908e58d5a94c9aa80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.257ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q\colon E_{1}\to E_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> und für alle Kanten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e\in E_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e\in E_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19f7cd88c3267329b35b5fe4a9187d1fc6644e64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.694ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e\in E_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {src} _{2}(q(e))=p(\mathrm {src} _{1}(e))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {src} _{2}(q(e))=p(\mathrm {src} _{1}(e))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e6cf5a3d7f748ba958f2c7f8de0625b59a032142.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.571ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {src} _{2}(q(e))=p(\mathrm {src} _{1}(e))}" loading="lazy"></span> sowie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {tgt} _{2}(q(e))=p(\mathrm {tgt} _{1}(e))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {tgt} _{2}(q(e))=p(\mathrm {tgt} _{1}(e))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8691ce56ebae82f709f074d59e11ef5c64e0741.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.794ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {tgt} _{2}(q(e))=p(\mathrm {tgt} _{1}(e))}" loading="lazy"></span> (werden <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e6ea4f4668b8334c8a7d3d284b0fd22131ef5f52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/645011b0c6933a02f5f7d84624f78220d747427e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> als Funktoren angesehen, ist ein Graphhomomorphismus gerade eine <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Transformation" title="Natürliche Transformation">natürliche Transformation</a>).</li>
<li>In <a href="Hypergraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypergraph">Hypergraphen</a>:<br> Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{v_{1},\cdots ,v_{k}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{v_{1},\cdots ,v_{k}\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29b8d598ad98b280d2789f39526fdc4953a38599.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.901ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{v_{1},\cdots ,v_{k}\}}" loading="lazy"></span> Kante von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e6ea4f4668b8334c8a7d3d284b0fd22131ef5f52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{p(v_{1}),\cdots ,p(v_{k})\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{p(v_{1}),\cdots ,p(v_{k})\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bcbffac47e6af11cd64406fae8badc5d0784a795.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.859ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{p(v_{1}),\cdots ,p(v_{k})\}}" loading="lazy"></span> Kante von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/645011b0c6933a02f5f7d84624f78220d747427e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Das Bild <i>p</i>(<i>G</i><sub>1</sub>) ist dann ein <a href="Teilgraph" title="Teilgraph">Teilgraph</a> von <i>G</i><sub>2</sub>. Ist <i>p</i> <a href="Bijektivit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijektivität">umkehrbar</a> und die <a href="Umkehrfunktion" title="Umkehrfunktion">Umkehrfunktion</a> ebenfalls ein Homomorphismus, so ist <i>p</i> ein <a href="Isomorphie_von_Graphen" title="Isomorphie von Graphen">Isomorphismus</a> von Graphen.
</p><p>Zu beachten ist, dass die Knoten vor den Kanten einen Vorrang haben, indem <i>p</i> als <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktion</a> nur auf den Knoten spezifiziert ist, die auf den Kanten lediglich eine induzierte Wirkung entfaltet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kombinatorik">Kombinatorik</h2></div>
<p>Die Anzahl der <a href="Einfacher_Graph" title="Einfacher Graph">einfachen</a> ungerichteten Graphen mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Knoten_(Graphentheorie)" title="Knoten (Graphentheorie)">Knoten</a> steigt rasant mit der Anzahl der Knoten und ist gleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{\tfrac {n\cdot (n-1)}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{\tfrac {n\cdot (n-1)}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76f5fd520c15e2570500bd61c42052116423002e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.041ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{\tfrac {n\cdot (n-1)}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Sie steigt also <a href="Exponentieller_Verlauf" class="mw-redirect" title="Exponentieller Verlauf">exponentiell</a> zur Anzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {n\cdot (n-1)}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {n\cdot (n-1)}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43b9872b53ac14f8e745ac6528840e20af56f41d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:6.646ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {n\cdot (n-1)}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Kante_(Graphentheorie)" title="Kante (Graphentheorie)">Kanten</a> des <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndiger_Graph" title="Vollständiger Graph">vollständigen Graphen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea2b988ea630d2c5571afe47efa3d3b251708acb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.192ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Wenn die Knoten nicht nummeriert sind, <a href="Isomorphie_von_Graphen" title="Isomorphie von Graphen">isomorphe Graphen</a> also nicht mitgezählt werden, ist diese Anzahl etwa <a href="Proportionalit%C3%A4t" title="Proportionalität">proportional</a> zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{n!}}\cdot 2^{\tfrac {n\cdot (n-1)}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{n!}}\cdot 2^{\tfrac {n\cdot (n-1)}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d6987a46a1d96b208d6a99990283d01a19091230.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:11.999ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{n!}}\cdot 2^{\tfrac {n\cdot (n-1)}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, weil für die meisten <a href="Isomorphieklasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomorphieklasse">Isomorphieklassen</a> alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n!}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>!</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n!}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bae971720be3cc9b8d82f4cdac89cb89877514a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.042ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n!}" loading="lazy"></span> Graphen, die sich durch <a href="Permutation" title="Permutation">Permutation</a> der nummerierten Knoten ergeben, verschieden sind. Die folgende <a href="Tabelle" title="Tabelle">Tabelle</a> zeigt die mit Hilfe eines <a href="Computer" title="Computer">Computers</a> bestimmten Anzahlen für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\leq 8}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\leq 8}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d52855c222e6eacc0c626213394031fa37d5e4cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\leq 8}" loading="lazy"></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="3">Anzahl der einfachen ungerichteten Graphen
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>n
</th>
<th>mit nummerierten Knoten
</th>
<th>ohne nummerierte Knoten
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>1
</th>
<td>1
</td>
<td>1
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>2
</th>
<td>2
</td>
<td>2
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>3
</th>
<td>8
</td>
<td>4
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>4
</th>
<td>64
</td>
<td>11
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>5
</th>
<td>1.024
</td>
<td>34
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>6
</th>
<td>32.768
</td>
<td>156
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>7
</th>
<td>2.097.152
</td>
<td>1.044
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>8
</th>
<td>268.435.456
</td>
<td>12.346
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Datenstrukturen">Datenstrukturen</h2></div>
<table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left:1em">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Ungerichteter Graph
</th>
<th>Adjazenzmatrix
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1&1&0&0&1&0\\1&0&1&0&1&0\\0&1&0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0&1&1\\1&1&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1&1&0&0&1&0\\1&0&1&0&1&0\\0&1&0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0&1&1\\1&1&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/baf5d604fec8ccaa37056a87411c0a7e3920730e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.005ex; width:23.406ex; height:19.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1&1&0&0&1&0\\1&0&1&0&1&0\\0&1&0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0&1&1\\1&1&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Für die Repräsentation von Graphen im <a href="Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a> gibt es im Wesentlichen zwei gebräuchliche Formen: die <a href="Adjazenzmatrix" title="Adjazenzmatrix">Adjazenzmatrix</a> (auch Nachbarschaftsmatrix) und die <a href="Adjazenzliste" title="Adjazenzliste">Adjazenzliste</a> (Nachbarschaftsliste). Die Bedeutung der beiden Darstellungen liegt darin, dass praktisch jede algorithmische Lösung graphentheoretischer Probleme auf wenigstens eine der beiden Repräsentationen zurückgreift. Eine weitere, aber seltener genutzte Möglichkeit zur Darstellung von Graphen im Computer ist die <a href="Inzidenzmatrix" title="Inzidenzmatrix">Inzidenzmatrix</a>, die man auch als Knoten-Kanten-Matrix bezeichnet.
</p><p>Inzidenzmatrizen sind zwar aufwändiger zu implementieren und zu verwalten, bieten aber eine Reihe von Vorteilen gegenüber Adjazenzmatrizen. Zum einen verbrauchen sie bei fester Anzahl von Kanten stets nur linear viel Speicherplatz bezüglich der Anzahl der Knoten, was insbesondere bei dünnen Graphen (also Graphen mit wenig Kanten) von Vorteil ist, während die Adjazenzmatrix quadratischen Platzbedarf bezüglich der Anzahl Knoten besitzt (dafür aber kompakter bei dichten Graphen, also Graphen mit vielen Kanten ist). Zum anderen lassen sich viele graphentheoretische Probleme nur mit Adjazenzlisten in <a href="Zeitkomplexit%C3%A4t" title="Zeitkomplexität">linearer Zeit</a> lösen. In der Praxis verwendet man daher meist diese Form der Repräsentation.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programmierung">Programmierung</h2></div>
<p>Das folgende Beispiel in der <a href="Programmiersprache" title="Programmiersprache">Programmiersprache</a> <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> zeigt die <a href="Implementierung" title="Implementierung">Implementierung</a> eines <a href="Gerichteter_Graph" title="Gerichteter Graph">gerichteten Graphen</a> mit <a href="Adjazenzliste" title="Adjazenzliste">Adjazenzlisten</a>. Der gerichtete Graph wird als <a href="Klasse_(Objektorientierung)" title="Klasse (Objektorientierung)">Klasse</a> <i>DirectedGraph</i> deklariert. Bei der Ausführung des Programms wird die <a href="Methode_(Programmierung)" title="Methode (Programmierung)">Methode</a> <i>main</i> verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><iostream></span>
<span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">std</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">// Deklariert den Datentyp für die Knoten des Graphen</span>
<span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Node</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="c1">// Deklariert den Datentyp für die Kanten des Graphen</span>
<span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Edge</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startIndex</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">endIndex</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="c1">// Deklariert die Klasse für den gerichteten Graphen</span>
<span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">DirectedGraph</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">public</span><span class="o">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nodes</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">headNodes</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Diese Methode fügt einen neuen Knoten in die Adjazenzliste des Graphen ein und gibt ihn als Rückgabewert zurück</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">insertNewNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Erzeugt einen neuen Knoten vom Typ Node</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newNode</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">index</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Setzt den Index</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newNode</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Setzt den Wert</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newNode</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Setzt einen Zeiger auf den Nachfolger</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newNode</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Konstruktor, der den gerichteten Graphen mit den gegebenen Knoten und Kanten erzeugt</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DirectedGraph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mynodes</span><span class="p">[],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Edge</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">edges</span><span class="p">[],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numberOfEdges</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numberOfNodes</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nodes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mynodes</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">//speichert Knoten</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">headNodes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">numberOfNodes</span><span class="p">]();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Initialisiert ein Array von Zeigern für die Nachbarknoten</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numberOfEdges</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// for-Schleife, die alle Kanten des Graphen durchläuft</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startIndex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">edges</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">startIndex</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Index des Startknotens der Kante</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">endIndex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">edges</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">endIndex</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Index des Endknotens der Kante</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nodes</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">endIndex</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Wert des Endknotens der Kante</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">insertNewNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">endIndex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">headNodes</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">startIndex</span><span class="p">]);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Aufruf der Methode insertNewNode, um einen neuen Knoten einzufügen</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">headNodes</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">startIndex</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newNode</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Setzt den Zeiger auf den neuen Knoten</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="c1">// Gibt alle benachbarten Knoten von node auf der Konsole aus</span>
<span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">writeAdjacencyList</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">neighbor</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Knoten ("</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">index</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">", "</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">node</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"): "</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">neighbor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">nullptr</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"("</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">neighbor</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">index</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">", "</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">neighbor</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">") "</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">neighbor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">neighbor</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Hauptmethode, die das Programm ausführt</span>
<span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Deklariert und initialisiert Arrays für die Knoten und Kanten</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nodes</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"A"</span><span class="p">},{</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"B"</span><span class="p">},{</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"C"</span><span class="p">},{</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"D"</span><span class="p">},{</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"E"</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Edge</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">edges</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">},{</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">},{</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">},{</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">},{</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">},{</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numberOfNodes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nodes</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nodes</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Ermittelt die Anzahl der Knoten</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numberOfEdges</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edges</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edges</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Ermittelt die Anzahl der Kanten</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DirectedGraph</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">directedGraph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nodes</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">edges</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numberOfEdges</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numberOfNodes</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Erzeugt den gerichteten Graphen mit den gegebenen Knoten und Kanten</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numberOfNodes</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// for-Schleife, die alle Knoten des Graphen durchläuft</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">headNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">directedGraph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">headNodes</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">writeAdjacencyList</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">nodes</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">headNode</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Gibt die Adjazenzliste für den Knoten node mit Nachbarn headNode aus</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Graphenspiele" title="Graphenspiele">Graphenspiele</a></li>
<li><a href="Kleine-Welt-Ph%C3%A4nomen" title="Kleine-Welt-Phänomen">Kleine-Welt-Phänomen</a> (Small-world-Netzwerk)</li>
<li><a href="Skalenfreies_Netz" title="Skalenfreies Netz">Skalenfreies Netz</a></li>
<li><a href="Zufallsgraph" title="Zufallsgraph">Zufallsgraph</a></li>
<li><a href="Bandgraph" title="Bandgraph">Bandgraph</a></li>
<li><a href="Mengensystem" title="Mengensystem">Mengensystem</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Thomas H. Cormen, <a href="Charles_Leiserson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Leiserson">Charles Leiserson</a>, <a href="Ronald_L._Rivest" title="Ronald L. Rivest">Ronald L. Rivest</a>, Clifford Stein: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algorithmen – Eine Einführung</cite>. 2. Auflage. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, München 2007, ISBN 978-3-486-58262-8, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>531–533</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Graph+%28Graphentheorie%29&rft.au=Thomas+H.+Cormen%2C+Charles+Leiserson%2C+Ronald+L.+Rivest%2C+...&rft.btitle=Algorithmen+-+Eine+Einf%C3%BChrung&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=2.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783486582628&rft.pages=531-533&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="Reinhard_Diestel" title="Reinhard Diestel">Reinhard Diestel</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Graphentheorie</cite>. 4. Auflage. Springer, Berlin u. a. 2010, ISBN 978-3-642-14911-5 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diestel-graph-theory.com/basic.html">online: 4th Electronic Edition 2010, Free preview version</a> – Erstausgabe: 1996).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Graph+%28Graphentheorie%29&rft.au=Reinhard+Diestel&rft.btitle=Graphentheorie&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=4.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783642149115&rft.place=Berlin+u.+a.&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Jürgen Ebert: <cite style="font-style:italic">Effiziente Graphenalgorithmen</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Studien-Texte – Informatik</cite>. Akademische Verlags-Gesellschaft, Wiesbaden 1981, ISBN 3-400-00424-3 (Zugleich <a href="Habilitationsschrift" title="Habilitationsschrift">Habilitationsschrift</a> an der <a href="Universit%C3%A4t_Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Universität Osnabrück">Universität Osnabrück</a> 1982).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Graph+%28Graphentheorie%29&rft.atitle=Effiziente+Graphenalgorithmen&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+Ebert&rft.btitle=Studien-Texte+-+Informatik&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3400004243&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Akademische+Verlags-Gesellschaft" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="Dieter_Jungnickel" title="Dieter Jungnickel">Dieter Jungnickel</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Graphen, Netzwerke und Algorithmen</cite>. 3. vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. BI-Wissenschafts-Verlag, Mannheim u. a. 1994, ISBN 3-411-14263-4 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbv.de/dms/ilmenau/toc/164094962.PDF">Inhaltsverzeichnis</a> [PDF; <span style="white-space:nowrap">1,2<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>MB</span>]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Graph+%28Graphentheorie%29&rft.au=Dieter+Jungnickel&rft.btitle=Graphen%2C+Netzwerke+und+Algorithmen&rft.date=1994&rft.edition=3.+vollst%C3%A4ndig+%C3%BCberarbeitete+und+erweiterte&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3411142634&rft.place=Mannheim+u.+a.&rft.pub=BI-Wissenschafts-Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Manfred Nitzsche: <cite style="font-style:italic">Graphen für Einsteiger. Rund um das <a href="Haus_vom_Nikolaus" title="Haus vom Nikolaus">Haus vom Nikolaus</a></cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Studium</cite>. 3., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Vieweg+Teubner, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-8348-0813-4.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Graph+%28Graphentheorie%29&rft.atitle=Graphen+f%C3%BCr+Einsteiger.+Rund+um+das+Haus+vom+Nikolaus&rft.au=Manfred+Nitzsche&rft.btitle=Studium&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=3.%2C+%C3%BCberarbeitete+und+erweiterte&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783834808134&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Vieweg%2BTeubner" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Diestel2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Diestel2010_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Diestel2010_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Diestel2010_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Diestel2010_1-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Reinhard_Diestel" title="Reinhard Diestel">Reinhard Diestel</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Graphentheorie</cite>. 4. Auflage. Springer, Berlin u. a. 2010, ISBN 978-3-642-14911-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–34</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diestel-graph-theory.com/basic.html">online: 4th elektronische Ausgabe 2010</a> – Erstausgabe: 1996).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Graph+%28Graphentheorie%29&rft.au=Reinhard+Diestel&rft.btitle=Graphentheorie&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=4.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783642149115&rft.pages=1-34&rft.place=Berlin+u.+a.&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">Directed Graphs</cite>. In: Claude Sammut, Geoffrey I. Webb (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Encyclopedia of Machine Learning</cite>. Springer US, 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>279</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30164-8_218">10.1007/978-0-387-30164-8_218</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Graph+%28Graphentheorie%29&rft.atitle=Directed+Graphs&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Machine+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-0-387-30164-8_218&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Springer+US" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MultDirected-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MultDirected_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">bei gerichteten Graphen: in derselben Richtung</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Wolfram: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2020/04/finally-we-may-have-a-path-to-the-fundamental-theory-of-physics-and-its-beautiful/?dateline=no"><i>Finally We May Have a Path to the Fundamental Theory of Physics… and It’s Beautiful</i></a> abgerufen am 20. Januar 2024.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brigitte Werners: <cite style="font-style:italic">Grundlagen des Operations Research</cite>. 3. Auflage. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-40101-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>175–209</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Graph+%28Graphentheorie%29&rft.au=Brigitte+Werners&rft.btitle=Grundlagen+des+Operations+Research&rft.date=2013&rft.edition=3&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783642401015&rft.pages=175-209&rft.place=Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Folge <a href="https://oeis.org/A000088" class="extiw external" title="oeis:A000088">A000088</a> in <a href="On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences" title="On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences">OEIS</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Software Testing Help: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/graph-implementation-cpp/">Graph Implementation In C++ Using Adjacency List</a></span>
</li>
</ol>
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Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4021842-9">4021842-9</a></span> </div>
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